Grafana Cant Save When Volumes

Prometheus is a time series database and monitoring tool that works by polling metrics endpoints and scraping and processing the data exposed by these endpoints. It allows you to query this data using PromQL, a time series data query language. Prometheus will be deployed into the cluster as a StatefulSet with 2 replicas that uses Persistent Volumes with DigitalOcean Block Storage. In addition, a preconfigured set of Prometheus Alerts, Rules, and Jobs will be stored as a ConfigMap. To learn more about these, skip ahead to the Prometheus section of Configuring the Monitoring Stack.

Prometheus is a tool for monitoring and alerting, especially focused on time series data. It is the backend that collects and stores the data, and has a minimal frontend where you can run one-off queries, see graphs, etc. You can't save graphs or create dashboards - that's where Grafana comes in.Prometheus polls various "targets" to get metrics at specified frequencies.

The targets are configured in prometheus.yml which is baked into our prometheus docker image. Running cluster monitoring with persistent storage means that your metrics are stored to apersistent volume and can survive a pod being restarted or recreated. This is ideal if you require your metrics or alerting data to be guarded from data loss. For production environments, it is highly recommended to configure persistent storage using block storage technology. Make Grafana your partner if you have data expressed as numbers over time.

Grafana is best used to represent time-series data (i.e. numeric data points sequenced over intervals of time) and it can generate colorful visualizations out of them. These data can be represented in real time over various types of panels and dashboards letting the users monitor different KPIs effortlessly. Grafana is also open-source, free and easy to manage/set up. With newer containerized technologies like docker, pre-saved images and configs could be set up in a couple of minutes with only a few commands. We will install cAdvisor agents in each nodes to collect host and container metrics. We will use Grafana to setup dashboards for this metrics.

All these tools are open-source and can be deployed as a container. Docker Compose is a powerful tool to use when dealing with deployments of Docker applications with multiple containers. It gives users the ability to explicitly define the specifications needed for each service in their application, and concisely start all the services together with a single command. Docker volumes are the mechanism by which Docker persists data. They are easy to back up, migrate, and share among different containers.

Additionally, they do not increase the size of the container using them, but instead exist separate to the run state of the container. That means that if a container is stopped or deleted, a volume will still be running with the data it has been populated with. Volumes are directories that live outside Docker's Union File System on the host machine but within the Docker area of the host. This uses the influxdb image and for persistent storage, we are creating a volume named influx that is mounted to the /var/lib/influxdb folder in the container. In the deploy key, we are saying that we need one copy of InfluxDB which we will place in the manager. Since we are using docker engine in the manager, we can execute commands to this container from here itself.

As both the other services needs influxDB to run, we will add a depends_on key to other services with influx in it. It supports a SQL like query language to query for data. The tags let us filter data for a specific host and even a spefic container. We don't have to manually configure data sources and dashboards for Grafana. Thanks to the Grafana provisioning feature, we can use configuration files to set up everything before running the application for the first time.

Prometheus' built-in remote write capability forwards metrics from your existing Prometheus servers to the Telemetry Data Platform. Once your metrics are in the Telemetry Data Platform, you instantly benefit from 13 months of retention and on-demand scalability. With all of your telemetry data in one place, you can build dashboards that combine and group data from across your entire software stack. 1You may wish to include our Couchbase ServiceMonitor in the monitoring namespace along with the other ServiceMonitors included in the provided kube-prometheus manifests. Please see Configure Prometheus Metrics Collection on how to create said Secret.5Pass in the value of the key field in the secret data. Antoine Solnichkin Antoine is an experienced software engineer and aspiring enterprise architect in Luxembourg.

On a daily basis, he is involved in architecting, developing and maintaining large industrial projects with complex needs. Used by many successful companies worldwide, InfluxDB is often deployed in distributed and often multicloud. Docker can serve as a good fit for many organizations as a virtualization environment that provides an easy way to create, manage and delete containers on the fly.

If you are trying to build reliable monitoring architectures, one solution would be to install InfluxDB on Docker and to manage it with Kubernetes. When using Docker Compose, it is relevant to understand Docker volumes and how they are used to persist configurations and data. Persistence is important, because it allows data to continue to exist after the machine or service that created them is terminated. It also allows that information to be transferred to another host computer intact. We will use Docker volumes to create a pseudo-persistence of configuration and possibly data . It is important to note that for backing up stateful services such as a database, this is not the proper method.

For our example, we will be persisting a Grafana configuration file that will visualize data from an InfluxDB database. This will start the services in the stack which is named monitor. This might take some time the first time as the nodes have to download the images.

Also, you need to create the database named cadvisor in InfluxDB to store the metrics. CAdvisor collects the metric from the host and docker containers. It is deployed as a docker image with shared volumes to docker socket and root file system of the host. CAdvisor pushed these metrics to a bunch of time-series database including InfluxDB, Prometheus, etc. It even has a web UI that shows graphs of the metrics collected.

To conclude, Grafana and Splunk are completely two different tools serving completely different purposes. Grafana would be great to visualize KPIs whereas Splunk would be great to search and query data among large volumes of logs. If you think Grafana is the right product for you, sign up for a demo with MetricFireor do a the free trial, and learn more. Before you begin, it is important to review a few details about networking. By default, newly created containers run on the bridge network stack.

In addition, after you install InfluxDB, it will be exposed to useful ports on your network stack. Later, you can also bind Telegraf to it, but Telegraf does not have to expose any ports to your current host stack. We will eventually run InfluxDB on the default bridge network, and have Telegraf running in the same stack as InfluxDB. In addition, we will add Grafana to our bridge network in order to visualize metrics gathered by Telegraf. As mentioned above, we will provide more details about setting up Telegraph in Part 2 of this series.

OpenShift Container Platform ships with a pre-configured and self-updating monitoring stack that is based on the Prometheus open source project and its wider eco-system. It provides monitoring of cluster components and ships with a set of alerts to immediately notify the cluster administrator about any occurring problems and a set of Grafana dashboards. CAdvisor service has much more configuration required than the other services. We intend to put one agent in each node of the swarm and this container will collect all metrics from the node and the containers running in it.

When cAdvisor send metrics to InfluxDB, it send it with a tag machine that contains the hostname of cAdvisor container. We need to match it with the hostname of the node running it. We have named the containers with the ID of the node running it so that we know where the metric is coming from. The Kubernetes dashboard currently supports resource metrics integration via Heapster. A word of caution before we move on though; Heapster is currently being deprecated in favor of metrics server.

Support for metrics api is being actively worked on by the Kubernetes community as part of the v2 dashboard launch. Any production-ready deployment requires you to configure a persistent storage interface that will be able to maintain historical metrics data and survive pod restarts. The output of promtool tsdb create-blocks-from rules command is a directory that contains blocks with the historical rule data for all rules in the recording rule files. Once moved, the new blocks will merge with existing blocks when the next compaction runs. Grafana is a data visualization and analytics tool that allows you to build dashboards and graphs for your metrics data.

Grafana will be installed as a StatefulSet with one replica. In addition, a preconfigured set of Dashboards generated by kubernetes-mixin will be stored as a ConfigMap. The Grafana monitoring extension requires a default persistent storage class.

You can either create a cluster with a default persistent storage class, or specify one in the Grafana configuration file when deploying the extension. See Review Persistent Storage Requirements for TKG Extensions. By default, use the username admin and password admin to login to grafana. The first thing to do in grafana is to add InfluxDB as the datasource. In the home page, there must be a Create your first data source link, click that.

If the link is not visible, you can select Data Sources from menu and choosing Add data source from there. We will be creating 3 local VMs to form the swarm using the Virtualbox plugin of docker-machine. For this, you need to have Virtualbox installed in the system.

You may also deploy the nodes in cloud services using different plugins. The steps after creating in the VMs are same for all the plugins. We will use the Docker Swarm Mode to build the cluster and deploy these services as a stack. Once we deploy this stack in a swarm, any new nodes joining the swarm will be automatically monitored. Opening this url will take us to the account authentication page for the Kubernetes dashboard.

To get access to the dashboard, we need to authenticate our account. As mentioned earlier, running the Kubectl command does create a default service account as well as a role and role binding for the dashboard. You can access the dashboard using the token from the default service account. However to cover the authentication process in more detail let's create a service account from scratch and also attach a larger set of permissions to it. Select Add data source, and select Prometheus as the time series database. Grafana Reporting is your hammer for breaking down the information silos created by Grafana.

A complete 'Kubernertes monitoring with Prometheus' stack is comprised of much more than Prometheus servers that collect metrics by scraping endpoints. These dashboards are generated by kubernetes-mixin, an open-source project that allows you to create a standardized set of cluster monitoring Grafana dashboards and Prometheus alerts. To learn more, consult the kubernetes-mixin GitHub repo. A monitoring system usually consists of a time-series database that houses metric data and a visualization layer.

In addition, an alerting layer creates and manages alerts, handing them off to integrations and external services as necessary. Finally, one or more components generate or expose the metric data that will be stored, visualized, and processed for alerts by the stack. InfluxData delivers a complete open-source platform built specifically for metrics, events, and other time- based data — a modern time-series platform. The admin password must be specified before the first reconfigure after installation.

After this, the admin_password setting doesn't have any effect, and you'll have to reset the password manually. Also, to access the admin account, you have to enable login using username and password. In the github repository, I have added the file dashboard.json, that can be imported to Grafana. This will provide a dashboard that monitors the systems and the containers running in the swarm. We will import the dashboard now and talk about it in the next section. From the menu, hover over Dashboards and select Import Option.

Click the Upload .json file button and choose the dashboard.json file. Select the data source and click the Import button to import this dashboard. CAdvisor need the volumes mentioned in the file to collect the metrics from the host and docker system. This will ensure that exactly one instance of cadvisor service will be run in each node of the swarm. With the version 3 of docker-compose file, we can define the entire stack with the deployment strategy with one file and deploy it with one command. The main difference between version 2 and 3 of docker-compose file is the introduction of the deploy parameter for each service.

This parameter will define where and how you want the containers to be deployed. The docker-compose file for the monitoring file is given below. Grafana is a popular graphing tool that lets you build dashboards with data from Graphite, Elasticsearch, OpenTSDB, Prometheus and, of course, InfluxDB. From version 4 of grafana, you can also setup alerts based on query conditions.

We will setup dashboard that can be drilled down to specific host and service. One alternative to resource monitoring via the Kubernetes dashboard is to setup an alternative resource monitoring pipeline using tools like Prometheus and Grafana. Prometheus and Grafana together give us access to more in-depth resource metrics for clusters as well as individual Kubernetes objects.

These are however, still restricted to native Kubernetes objects. In this blog post we took a deep dive into the Kubernetes dashboard. We started by looking at the functionality provided by the dashboard and then covered the topics of installation, deployment and authentication. Finally we outlined the process of integrating resource metrics into the dashboard by installing Heapster. The token authentication method requires us to create a new service account for the Kubernetes dashboard. We will bind this service account to the cluster-admin role, which will give us access to all Kubernetes resources on the dashboard.

We can then use the bearer token for the service account to log in to the dashboard. To create an ephemeral Grafana deployment, apply the Managed Service for Prometheus grafana.yaml manifest to your cluster, and port-forward the grafana service to your local machine. The following example forwards the service to port 3000.

Windows 10 Pro 21H2 Iso Download 64 Bit Microsoft

Empty Message

Is Windows 10 Free Forever

Cunningham concluded that "as I've dug into and learned its ins and outs for this review, I've warmed to it more", but argued that the OS was facing similar "public perception" issues to Windows Vista and Windows 8. Warren noted that he rarely used the Widgets panel or Microsoft Teams, citing that he preferred the weather display that later versions of Windows 10 offered, and didn't use Teams to communicate with his friends and family. He also acknowledged the expansion of Microsoft Store to include more "traditional" desktop applications. Original equipment manufacturers can still ship computers without a TPM 2.0 coprocessor upon Microsoft's approval. Some third-party software may refuse to run on unsupported configurations of Windows 11. Basically, the activation process is just a simple thing that helps the users fully access Windows 10.

During the activation process, users just have to enter the product key, nothing more than that. So, it will not delete anything which you have in your computers such as personal files, installed app or software, and settings. If your Windows 7 or Windows 8 license is not activated and you are not interested in purchasing a license, then your options are limited.

Microsoft offers a 90 day trial of its Windows 10 Enterprise edition. Windows 10 Enterprise is normally distributed under Microsoft's volume license program for large organizations that deploy Windows 10 in bulk. It's a full-featured edition of the operating system but in this case, it's really an evaluation version of the software. Users must register before they can download and install the software. This option is perfect for those users who are running Windows Vista or never had a genuine license, to begin with.

Your $40 upgrade from Windows XP to 8.1 means that Windows Update will install Windows 10 free, or you will be able to download the upgrade separately, as explained above. You should then be able to do a clean installation on a new hard drive. The methods for marking a Windows PC as "genuine" have changed a lot since XP, but whether Windows 10 will still want to "sniff" an XP disc or make you enter your 8.1 product key remains to be seen. One would hope not, but when it comes to licensing, Microsoft isn't always good at handling edge cases. Whether you want to install or reinstall Windows 10 on a PC, Microsoft will ask for a product key to activate it. So, some tools like KMSPico is a feasible way can activate Windows 10 for free.

However, Windows Defender and Firewall will prevent it from downloading or running. What's more, such software may harm your operating system. See the following two ways about how to activate windows 10 for free permanently 2018.

Once you upgrade from Windows 10 to Windows 11 on your PC, you'll get 10 days to experiment and decide whether the next generation Windows operating system works for you and for the apps that you use regularly. Within this 10-day period, you can roll back to Windows 10 at any time while retaining your data and settings. However, if you aren't able to decide immediately and make a decision after 10 days, then you can still roll back to Windows 10 but that'll require a clean install of Windows 10. The new Windows 11 will roll out as a free update later this year and PCs that already run Windows 10 will be able to download and install the new OS, mostly seamlessly. This carries on the tradition that Microsoft set in 2015 with Windows 10, that was offered as a free update to Windows 7 and Windows 8.1 PCs. In October 2019, Microsoft announced "Windows 10X", a future edition of Windows 10 designed exclusively for dual-touchscreen devices such as the then-upcoming Surface Neo.

Legacy Windows applications would also be required to run in "containers" to ensure performance and power optimization. Microsoft stated that it planned to release Windows 10X devices by the end of 2020. Older blog but I will take a chance and post my problem.

One partition is windows 10 Home 64bit and the other is windows 10 pro 32 bit. When I had a hardware failure I replaced the mainboard with a board that was very close to the original in the sense of chipsets and CPU. Used my original Graphics card , FAXmodem , Hard drives, and memory. When I powered the system I went to the 64 bit partition first. It activated using the "replace hardware recently" option.

I have a second retail win 7pro disc package with valid key but when I enter it, It just keeps saying I can't have two different versions on the same machine basically. It's not imperative that you upgrade your system to Windows in the next couple of weeks, or even months. For many people, that's about the time to upgrade to a newer device, one that will come with Windows 11 already installed. Windows 11 SE was announced on November 9, 2021, as an edition exclusively for low-end devices sold in the education market, and a successor to Windows 10 S. It is bundled with applications such as Microsoft Office for Microsoft 365, Minecraft Education Edition, and Flipgrid, while OneDrive is used to save files by default. Windows 11 SE does not include Microsoft Store; third-party software is provisioned or installed by administrators.

Citing security considerations, the system requirements for Windows 11 were increased over Windows 10. While the OS can be installed on unsupported processors, Microsoft does not guarantee the availability of updates. Windows 11 also drops support for 32-bit x86 CPUs and devices which use BIOS firmware. However, the online CNet magazine says that Microsoft is now quietly allowing users with a legitimate and activated Win 7 or 8.1 operating system to again upgrade to Windows 10 for free. I upgraded a Win 7 and an 8.1 laptop without incident and on each computer Win 10 was activated with no fee and all of the programs and files on the computers were left intact and functioning. Windows 10 updates often take up a lot of hard drive space, so you need to make sure there is enough room for them to speed up the installation.

This means deleting junk files and unnecessary large files. If there are a lot of files waiting for removing, manual deletion can be cumbersome and time-consuming. In this case, you can use cleanup software to help delete large amounts of files at once automatically. "After you have installed the Windows 11 upgrade1 there is a 10 day period where you can move back to Windows 10 while keeping files and data that you brought along with you. After the 10 days you will need to back up your data and do a "clean install" to move back to Windows 10," says MSI in a Windows 11 FAQ document. Dell confirms the same as well, in FAQs released for their customers.

This may however be linked to the Windows 11 install package that will be deleted after 10 days. "Windows 11 and Windows 10 require approximately the same amount of disk space. During the upgrade process, however, extra space is required. Windows will clean up this extra disk space about ten days after the upgrade1 is complete," says MSI's FAQ document. If you are looking to upgrade from Windows 10 to Windows 11, there are a few things you may want to keep in mind. Microsoft intends to provide a 10-day window for Windows 10 to Windows 11 upgrades, in case you change your mind, and wish to roll back.

Once the 10 days are ticked off, the only way to return to Windows 10 on the same PCs would be to do a clean install. PC makers, including MSI and Dell are confirming this to users, as more information about the Windows 11 upgrades becomes clearer, ahead of the final release later this year. It is not clear at this time why there is a 10-day roll-back and why the data cannot be retained even after that just in case Windows 11 isn't to your liking. Microsoft will begin rolling out the free upgrade this holiday, when Windows 11 launches, but the roll out will continue into 2022.

You don't have to update it in that time, though, since it will probably be available forever just like Windows 10 feature updates. With Windows 10, Microsoft said the free upgrade path would be available for one year, but you can still update those older PCs to Windows 10. In fact, as long as you meet the new system requirements, you should be able to get a Windows 7 or 8.1 PC updated all the way through to Windows 11. Of course, Windows 11 will also start being preinstalled in laptops and other PCs available at retail stores, so you won't have to worry about upgrading new purchases later this year.

At least 16GB of RAM The basic system requirements of Windows 11 differ significantly from Windows 10. Windows 11 only supports 64-bit systems such as those using an x86-64 or ARM64 processor; IA-32 processors are no longer supported. Thus, Windows 11 is the first ever consumer version of Windows not to support 32-bit processors and 16-bit software . The minimum RAM and storage requirements were also increased; Windows 11 now requires at least 4GB of RAM and 64GB of storage. S mode is only supported for the Home edition of Windows 11.

The compatibility list includes the Intel Core i7-7820HQ, a seventh-generation processor used by the Surface Studio 2, although only on devices that shipped with DCH-based drivers. As part of the minimum system requirements, Windows 11 only runs on devices with a Trusted Platform Module 2.0 security coprocessor. According to Microsoft, the TPM 2.0 coprocessor is a "critical building block" for protection against firmware and hardware attacks. In addition, Microsoft now requires devices with Windows 11 to include virtualization-based security , hypervisor-protected code integrity , and Secure Boot built-in and enabled by default.

The operating system also features hardware-enforced stack protection for supported Intel and AMD processors for protection against zero-day exploits. A redesigned user interface is present frequently throughout the operating system, building upon Fluent Design System; translucency, shadows, a new color palette, and rounded geometry are prevalent throughout the UI. Internet Explorer has been replaced by the Chromium-based Microsoft Edge as the default web browser, and Microsoft Teams is integrated into the Windows shell. Microsoft also announced plans to allow more flexibility in software that can be distributed via Microsoft Store, and to support Android apps on Windows 11 . KMSPico is another software that works just like the Windows tools. It also allows you to activate windows 10 without using the product key.

Is Windows 10 Really Free Forever Likewise, after the activation, you can also remove the software from your computer. Windows 10 updates take so long to complete because Microsoft is constantly adding larger files and features to them. The biggest updates, released in the spring and fall of every year, usually take upwards of four hours to install.

Besides, it's also relevant to the small available space, hard drive fragments, software conflicts, and other factors. You never know that third-party applications always conflict with the update because they happen to start at the same time. Along with applications, services and drivers are making the same effect. Windows 11 features a new version of the Microsoft Store, with a new interface and a broader selection of apps. This new store is meant to have an easier to use and better-curated digital storefront. It should also be faster, "We rebuilt for speed", said Panos Panay during the Windows 11 announcement.

So far our experience of it is much the same as the rest of Windows 11... But it's also still mostly filled with apps you'd likely download direct from your browser, or wouldn't want to touch at all. Keep updating Windows 1o as and when updates are released. Not to mention that instead of having to maintain about four versions of windows with patched that must be totally cross compatible, they can put this workforce to work on the new features and security updates. Their money won't be lesser as basically no-one upgraded their windows, only new purchases gave them windows money.

Nearby Sharing is a nifty capability that flies under most PC users' radar. This is very similar to Apple's AirDrop, which lets you send a photo or document directly using Bluetooth or Wi-Fi—no internet connection required. It's useful if you need to quickly get a file from, say, a laptop to a nearby desktop, but the capability is not yet supported on mobile. If you're in a modern store app such as Edge or Photos, the share panel shows nearby computers capable of recieving sent items. Windows 11 launched at the start of October, with the next-generation of Microsoft's iconic operating system available pre-installed on select new devices, and rolling out in stages to existing Windows 10 machines. However, this phased approach has its drawbacks - as new research reveals a small percentage of PCs out there are actually running the new OS.

According to a study by Lansweeper, less than one percent (0.21) of PCs scanned are running Windows 11. You don't have to activate Windows 10 during the installation process. But after that, Windows will put few restrictions over customization settings and few apps from running. Besides that, you can fully enjoy the Windows 10 features on your computer. If you have installed Windows 10 on your computer without using the activation key, then there will be few restrictions from utilizing the resource later on. That's because, for the first time after the installation of Windows, you will only have one month until you start toActivate the Windows watermark on your screen.

However, this doesn't mean users cannot use Windows 10 from now on. It only prevents the users from using a few features of Windows, nothing more than that. So if you are facing this kind of situation, then don't worry.

Just sit down, ignore the message, and take a deep breath. The problem usually occurs because of the Microsoft activation server, which is not currently available. The activate your windows error message will automatically disappear after 24 hours. But, if you still see the same watermark message, then this time solve with the help of troubleshooting given in inside the activation setting page.

Now, you can easily activate your Windows after following the above steps. You can also use the same process if you are switching from the previous edition or version to a new one. This seems to contradict the above analysis but that is the statement of security experts. They said that Microsoft has been violating users' privacy by collecting their personal information like gender, age, hobby, and Internet habits… without your permission. The options relating to sending feedback and data to Microsoft were enabled automatically from the moment that you installed Windows 10 successfully so most people don't know about them. However, you can disable them in Settings/Privacy easily.

In fact, it is totally free to activate windows 10 using this method and you do not require any product key or activation key. Windows 11, the first major Windows release since 2015, builds upon its predecessor by revamping the user interface to follow Microsoft's new Fluent Design guidelines. The redesign, which focuses on ease of use and flexibility, comes alongside new productivity and social features and updates to security and accessibility, addressing some of the deficiencies of Windows 10. If you do upgrade within the first year, you get Windows 10 for free, permanently.

Even after it's been a year, your Windows 10 installation will continue working and receiving updates as normal. You won't have to pay for some sort of Windows 10 subscription or fee to continue using it, and you'll even get any new features Microsft adds. Windows 10 is the last version of windows and it will always have feature updates. Any device just needs to install the latest feature update to remain supported.

Désiré has been musing and writing about technology during a career spanning four decades. He dabbled in website building and web hosting when DHTML and frames were en vogue and started writing about the impact of technology on society just before the start of the Y2K hysteria at the turn of the last millennium. Then followed a weekly tech column in a local business magazine in Mauritius, a late night tech radio programme called Clicplus and a freelancing gig at the now-defunct, Theinquirer, with the legendary Mike Magee as mentor. Following an eight-year stint at ITProPortal.com where he discovered the joys of global techfests, Désiré now heads up TechRadar Pro. He has an affinity for anything hardware and staunchly refuses to stop writing reviews of obscure products or cover niche B2B software-as-a-service providers. Microsoft allows anyone to download Windows 10 for free and install it without a product key.

It'll keep working for the foreseeable future, with only a few small cosmetic restrictions. And you can even pay to upgrade to a licensed copy of Windows 10 after you install it. For users who already have an installed, activated copy of Windows 10, but would like a second copy setup maybe for compatibility purposes on a second drive or partition, there is a loophole available. I discovered that if you already installed and activated Windows 10 with a Digital License, you can do exactly that. Just install a second copy and it will activate without even asking questions. Previously, additional installations even on the same hardware required the purchase of an additional license in order to activate.

The End User License Terms still says you do, but apparently, it is not enforced – for now. You can't use a Windows 7 or Windows 8 key if you are upgrading. What you can do though is activate it using a Windows 7 or Windows 8 key after setup is complete; if you choose to perform a clean install. That's it, you can upgrade without any further hindrance. There you go, my system upgraded from Windows 7 to Windows 10 in 2017 for free. Michael Muchmore is PCMag's lead analyst for software and web applications.